San Francisco is taking a proactive approach to address the growing concerns surrounding lithium-ion battery safety, particularly in the context of electric vehicle (EV) charging. With the increasing popularity of EVs and other personal mobility devices (PMDs) like e-bikes and scooters, the city is experiencing a rise in battery-related fires, prompting the need for stricter safety regulations. This article delves into the proposed new rules, the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries, and the existing safety measures in place.
The Rising Concern: Lithium-Ion Battery Fires
Lithium-ion batteries are a popular choice for powering EVs and PMDs due to their high energy density and rechargeable nature. However, they pose significant fire risks if damaged, overcharged, or exposed to extreme temperatures. The San Francisco Fire Department (SFFD) has seen a dramatic increase in lithium-ion battery fires in recent years. In 2024 alone, there were approximately 15 incidents involving lithium-ion battery explosions across the city, and over 60 fires caused by lithium-ion batteries, resulting in one death. These fires are particularly dangerous because they can rapidly escalate, produce toxic smoke, and are difficult to extinguish.
The rise in these incidents has prompted the city to take action and consider new safety regulations to mitigate these risks.
Why Lithium-Ion Batteries are Flammable
Lithium-ion batteries store a large amount of energy in a small space. When this energy is released in an uncontrolled manner, it generates heat which can turn internal battery components into flammable and toxic gasses. Fires can occur due to:
- Physical Damage: If the battery is punctured, crushed, or exposed to water.
- Electrical Damage: Overcharging or using incompatible charging equipment.
- Extreme Temperatures: Exposure to excessive heat.
- Product Defects: Faulty manufacturing can lead to battery failure.
Proposed New Safety Regulations for EV Charging
San Francisco Fire Marshal Ken Cofflin is proposing new safety regulations specifically for EV charging stations, driven by concerns about lithium-ion battery explosions during charging. These proposed regulations, which will be presented to the San Francisco Fire Commission, aim to enhance safety measures in parking spaces equipped with EV charging stations.
Mandating Advanced Sprinkler Systems
A key aspect of the proposal is the mandate for advanced sprinkler systems in parking spaces with EV chargers. While existing codes require fire sprinkler protection, Cofflin’s proposal calls for increasing the water flow capacity of these systems. This enhancement would improve their ability to effectively tackle fires that are a result of lithium-ion battery incidents. He emphasizes that enclosed spaces, like parking garages, can significantly increase fire hazards to occupants, the building, nearby vehicles, and first responders.
Updating Charging Station Standards
Cofflin’s proposal also includes the need to update charging station standards, identifying lithium-ion batteries and EV charging as a “potential high fire hazard condition.” This is a critical step to ensure that charging infrastructure can handle the specific risks posed by these batteries.
Current Safety Standards and Regulations
While new regulations are being considered, several safety standards and regulations are already in place to minimize risks associated with EV charging and lithium-ion batteries.
San Francisco Fire Code for Powered Mobility Devices (PMDs)
As of March 7, 2024, new fire code legislation went into effect in San Francisco to address the risks associated with charging and storing lithium-ion batteries in PMDs such as e-bikes, scooters, and hoverboards. These regulations include:
- Safety Certification: All PMDs must be safety-certified, complying with standards set by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or the European Union, and approved by SFFD.
- Charging Restrictions:
- PMDs must be charged directly from a wall outlet, prohibiting the use of extension cords or power strips.
- Charging must follow the manufacturer’s guidelines, using original chargers and batteries.
- Damaged or reassembled batteries are prohibited.
- Storage Limits: In multi-unit buildings, households are limited to four lithium-ion-powered PMDs.
- Spacing Requirements: When charging, devices must be at least three feet apart.
- Proper Disposal: Lithium-ion batteries cannot be disposed of in landfills, recycling, or compost bins, but must be recycled through designated programs.
- Battery Inspection: Lithium-ion batteries must be inspected for damage prior to charging if the battery was dropped or involved in a collision.
General EV Charging Safety Guidelines
Various organizations provide general safety guidelines for EV charging:
- Visual Inspection: Always visually inspect the charging cable before use.
- Manufacturer Instructions: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on how to charge the vehicle.
- Avoid Extension Cords: Never use an extension cord or multi-plug adapter when charging.
- Approved Cables: Use only manufacturer-provided or approved charging cables.
- Proper Storage: Properly store chargers when not in use to prevent damage.
- GFCI Protection: Ensure you have proper Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection to prevent electrical shocks.
- Certified Equipment: Purchase charging devices that are certified by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
- Dedicated Circuits: Install a new, dedicated circuit for your EV charging device.
- Maintain Components: Maintain the components of the charging station according to manufacturer guidelines and never use a damaged charger.
Standards for EV Charging Equipment
Several standards ensure safety and compatibility in EV charging:
- IEC 61851-1: This international standard covers general safety requirements for EV conductive charging systems, detailing the construction and testing of charging stations to prevent electrical shocks and ensure structural integrity.
- UL 2202: This North American standard specifies safety requirements for EV charging equipment, focusing on fire and electrical shock protection.
- SAE J1772: This standard governs AC charging for Levels 1 and 2, including the charging connector and communication between the EV and the charging station.
- ISO 15118: A standard for vehicle-to-grid communication interface.
San Francisco’s Commitment to EV Infrastructure
San Francisco is not only focused on safety, but also on expanding its EV charging infrastructure. The city has received a $15 million federal grant to strategically deploy publicly accessible EV charging infrastructure. This funding will support the installation of up to 300 new charging stations, increasing the city’s total charging ports by 30%.
The project includes installing 270 Level 2 chargers and 30 DC fast chargers in various neighborhoods. This expansion addresses the city’s growing need for convenient charging options, especially for residents in multi-unit dwellings with limited access to off-street parking. Currently, San Francisco has around 1,000 public EV charging stations, and electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids account for 37% of all new vehicle sales in the city.
Financial Incentives for EV Charging Infrastructure
San Francisco also offers financial incentives through the EV Charge SF program to encourage the installation of EV chargers. This program provides up to $120,000 in financial incentives for projects that install EV chargers and related infrastructure.
The Importance of Adherence to Standards
Adhering to safety standards and regulations is crucial in mitigating the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries and EV charging. Following manufacturer guidelines, using certified equipment, and ensuring proper installation are essential steps in preventing fires and other hazards.
Moreover, compliance with interoperability standards ensures that different charging networks and vehicles can work seamlessly together. This is especially important as the EV industry continues to grow.
Conclusion
San Francisco’s move to consider new safety regulations for EV charging stations highlights the city’s commitment to addressing the risks associated with lithium-ion batteries. The proposed mandate for advanced sprinkler systems and updated charging station standards, coupled with existing fire codes and safety guidelines, aim to protect residents and first responders. By proactively addressing these concerns, San Francisco is setting a precedent for other cities to follow as the transition to electric vehicles continues.
